全文获取类型
收费全文 | 61962篇 |
免费 | 13721篇 |
国内免费 | 5085篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 58799篇 |
晶体学 | 659篇 |
力学 | 1968篇 |
综合类 | 319篇 |
数学 | 5668篇 |
物理学 | 13355篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 546篇 |
2022年 | 600篇 |
2021年 | 987篇 |
2020年 | 2194篇 |
2019年 | 3448篇 |
2018年 | 1887篇 |
2017年 | 1503篇 |
2016年 | 4507篇 |
2015年 | 4662篇 |
2014年 | 4784篇 |
2013年 | 5979篇 |
2012年 | 5403篇 |
2011年 | 4969篇 |
2010年 | 4696篇 |
2009年 | 4639篇 |
2008年 | 4384篇 |
2007年 | 3594篇 |
2006年 | 3143篇 |
2005年 | 3062篇 |
2004年 | 2561篇 |
2003年 | 2207篇 |
2002年 | 2015篇 |
2001年 | 1471篇 |
2000年 | 1091篇 |
1999年 | 688篇 |
1998年 | 621篇 |
1997年 | 550篇 |
1996年 | 541篇 |
1995年 | 473篇 |
1994年 | 440篇 |
1993年 | 425篇 |
1992年 | 366篇 |
1991年 | 348篇 |
1990年 | 278篇 |
1989年 | 226篇 |
1988年 | 185篇 |
1987年 | 144篇 |
1986年 | 162篇 |
1985年 | 171篇 |
1984年 | 115篇 |
1983年 | 74篇 |
1982年 | 78篇 |
1981年 | 56篇 |
1980年 | 52篇 |
1979年 | 59篇 |
1978年 | 40篇 |
1976年 | 39篇 |
1975年 | 32篇 |
1974年 | 42篇 |
1973年 | 49篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 17 毫秒
41.
42.
Sergio Ayala‐Mar Javier Donoso‐Quezada Roberto C. Gallo‐Villanueva Victor H. Perez‐Gonzalez Jos Gonzlez‐Valdez 《Electrophoresis》2019,40(23-24):3036-3049
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by most cellular types that carry important biochemical compounds throughout the body with different purposes, playing a preponderant role in cellular communication. Because of their structure, physicochemical properties and stability, recent studies are focusing in their use as nanocarriers for different therapeutic compounds for the treatment of different diseases ranging from cancer to Parkinson's disease. However, current bioseparation protocols and methodologies are selected based on the final exosome application or intended use and present both advantages and disadvantages when compared among them. In this context, this review aims to present the most important technologies available for exosome isolation while discussing their advantages and disadvantages and the possibilities of being combined with other strategies. This is critical since the development of novel exosome‐based therapeutic strategies will be constrained to the effectiveness and yield of the selected downstream purification methodologies for which a thorough understanding of the available technological resources is needed. 相似文献
43.
Dake Hu Tianqi Zhao Xiaofan Ping Husong Zheng Lei Xing Xiaozhi Liu Jingying Zheng Lifei Sun Lin Gu Chenggang Tao Dong Wang Liying Jiao 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,131(21):7051-7055
Two‐dimensional (2D) PtSe2 shows the most prominent layer‐dependent electrical properties among various 2D materials and high catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and therefore, it is an ideal material for exploring the structure–activity correlations in 2D systems. Here, starting with the synthesis of single‐crystalline 2D PtSe2 with a controlled number of layers and probing the HER catalytic activity of individual flakes in micro electrochemical cells, we investigated the layer‐dependent HER catalytic activity of 2D PtSe2 from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. We clearly demonstrated how the number of layers affects the number of active sites, the electronic structures, and electrical properties of 2D PtSe2 flakes and thus alters their catalytic performance for HER. Our results also highlight the importance of efficient electron transfer in achieving optimum activity for ultrathin electrocatalysts. Our studies greatly enrich our understanding of the structure–activity correlations for 2D catalysts and provide new insight for the design and synthesis of ultrathin catalysts with high activity. 相似文献
44.
Wang Zenghao Xie Yongshuai Xu Chonghe Shi Shuying Wang Lin Zhang Guanghui Wang Xinqiang Zhu Luyi Xu Dong 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2019,23(1):269-276
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Lithium-ion batteries have been receiving more and more attention because of the energy crisis. As an important subassembly of lithium-ion batteries, the... 相似文献
45.
46.
X-ray imaging functionalization of biodegradable polyesters is a great demand and challenge in biomedical applications.In this work,a strategy of in-chain functionalization through the combination of ring opening copolymerization and oxime "Click" postfunctionalization was developed towards X-ray opaque polylactide copolymers.A functionalized cyclic carbonate was first synthesized and used as comonomer of polylactide copolymers,which were subjected to postfunctionalization of oxime "Click" reaction towards iodinated polylactide copolymers.The chemical structure and physical properties of the target products were traced and confirmed.In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation with 3T3-Swiss albino by Alamar blue demonstrated a low cytotoxicity.The X-ray radiopacity was analyzed by Micro-CT and quantified by Hounsfield Units value,which could be tailorable by the feedstock.It is a promising X-ray visible implantable biomaterial in biomedical applications. 相似文献
47.
Meccanica - Based on the classification ability of a convolutional neural network (CNN), this paper proposes a structural damage detection method in which a CNN is used to classify the location and... 相似文献
48.
Sample preparation methods used for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) analysis are often time consuming, require extensive manual manipulation, and result in limited amounts of purified protein, which may complicate the detection of low‐abundance GM protein. A robust sample pretreatment method prior to mass spectrometry (MS) detection of the transgenic protein (5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase [CP4 EPSPS]) present in Roundup Ready soya is investigated. Liquid chromatography‐multiple reaction monitoring tandem MS (nano LC‐MS/MS‐MRM) was used for the detection and quantification of CP4 EPSPS. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and concanavalin A (Con A)‐immobilized Sepharose 4B were used as selective probes for the separation of the major storage proteins in soybeans. AuNPs that enable the capture of cysteine‐containing proteins were used to reduce the complexity of the crude extract of GM soya. Con A‐sepharose was used for the affinity capture of β‐conglycinin and other glycoproteins of soya prior to enzymatic digestion. The methods enabled the detection of unique peptides of CP4 EPSPS at a level as low as 0.5% of GM soya in MRM mode. Stable‐isotope dimethyl labeling was further applied to the quantification of GM soya. Both probes exhibited high selectivity and efficiency for the affinity capture of storage proteins, leading to the quantitative detection at 0.5% GM soya, which is a level below the current European Union's threshold for food labeling. The square correlation coefficients were greater than 0.99. The approach for sample preparation is very simple without the need for time‐consuming protein prefractionation or separation procedures and thus presents a significant improvement over existing methods for the analysis of the GM soya protein. 相似文献
49.
Marie‐Claire Giel Christopher J. Smedley Emily R. R. Mackie Taijie Guo Jiajia Dong Tatiana P. Soares da Costa John E. Moses 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(3):1181-1186
The boom in growth of 1,4‐disubstituted triazole products, in particular, since the early 2000’s, can be largely attributed to the birth of click chemistry and the discovery of the CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Yet the synthesis of relatively simple, albeit important, 1‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been surprisingly more challenging. Reported here is a straightforward and scalable click‐inspired protocol for the synthesis of 1‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles from organic azides and the bench stable acetylene surrogate ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF). The new transformation tolerates a wide selection of substrates and proceeds smoothly under metal‐free conditions to give the products in excellent yield. Under controlled acidic conditions, the 1‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazole products undergo a Michael addition reaction with a second equivalent of ESF to give the unprecedented 1‐substituted triazolium sulfonyl fluoride salts. 相似文献
50.
We study a model of random graph where vertices are n i.i.d. uniform random points on the unit sphere Sd in , and a pair of vertices is connected if the Euclidean distance between them is at least 2??. We are interested in the chromatic number of this graph as n tends to infinity. It is not too hard to see that if ?>0 is small and fixed, then the chromatic number is d+2 with high probability. We show that this holds even if ?→0 slowly enough. We quantify the rate at which ? can tend to zero and still have the same chromatic number. The proof depends on combining topological methods (namely the Lyusternik–Schnirelman–Borsuk theorem) with geometric probability arguments. The rate we obtain is best possible, up to a constant factor—if ?→0 faster than this, we show that the graph is (d+1)‐colorable with high probability.25 相似文献